The Fiscal Dimension of Monetary Policy and Central Bank Autonomy: Lessons from Two Crises

Comparing and contrasting the Fed's and ECB's policy responses to the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) and the Covid-19 pandemic highlights the importance of the fiscal dimension of monetary policy and the potential pitfalls when the synergy of fiscal and monetary policy is neglected by an independent central bank. For the ECB, two critical changes in its policy response led to notably better outcomes in the aftermath of the pandemic. In contrast to the hesitation it exhibited in 2008, the ECB expanded its balance sheet more appropriately in 2020 with decisive purchases of long-term government debt. Furthermore, the ECB suspended elements of its policy framework that had impaired the functioning of government debt markets, such as the reliance on credit rating agencies for determining the eligibility of government debt for monetary operations. By protecting government bond markets from the self-fulfilling adverse equilibria that the ECB had tolerated in the aftermath of the GFC, the ECB supported refinancing government debt at low cost in the entire euro area, instead of only in selected Member States. This facilitated more expansionary fiscal policy that supported a more robust recovery, and protected against the further fragmentation of the euro area.